[NiteWave]

some useful info from the output:

open("/usr/lib64/libjpeg.so.62", O_RDONLY) = 3
open("/etc/php.d/gd.ini", O_RDONLY) = 3
open("/usr/lib64/20100525/gd.so", O_RDONLY) = 3
write(2, "PHP Warning: Module 'gd' alread"..., 62PHP Warning: Module 'gd' already loaded in Unknown on line 0) = 62

since it's "--with-gd" instead of "--with-gd=shared", so no need load gd.so now.
edit /etc/php.d/gd.ini, comment out "extension=gd.so" line.

open("/usr/lib64/php/modules/ioncube_loader_lin_5.3.so", O_RDONLY) = 3

this is not related to jpeg issue, but since it's php 5.4.6, should load ioncube module for php 5.4.x. current one is for php 5.3.x

open("test.php", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
"write(1, "Could not open input file: test."..., 37) = 37"

when run that command, to be sure test.php exists at current directory.

when run
#strace /usr/local/lsws/fcgi-bin/lsphp5 test.php > a.jpg 2>test.log
also ok to edit a.jpg to see any text info in it.