Release Log https://www.litespeedtech.com/images/logos/litespeed/litespeed-logo.png 2024-01-23 15:04:32 Release Log from LiteSpeed Technologies

LSAPI
Release Log

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LiteSpeed Server API (LSAPI) is highly optimized for communication between LiteSpeed and third party web engines.

  • PHP LSAPI 8.1 (11-01-2022) Improvement

    • IMPROVEMENT Compatible with PHP 8.2.

    PHP LSAPI 8.0.1 (02-22-2022) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address garbled command line parameter showing current running script path.

    PHP LSAPI 8.0 (12-03-2021) New Feature, Improvement & Misc

    • NEW FEATURE PHP 8.1 support.
    • IMPROVEMENT Better OpenBSD compatibility.
    • Misc Clean up compiler warnings.

    PHP LSAPI 7.9 (03-05-2021) Tuning

    • TUNING Process manager now keeps forked child processes alive for longer based on load, reducing process manager overhead on busy setups.

    PHP LSAPI 7.8 (09-01-2020) Tuning, Bugfix

    • NEW FEATURE PHP 8.0 RC support.
    • TUNING Update log message with more information when possible: Timestamp, UID, PID, etc.
    • BUGFIX Correct inaccurate children process tracking.

    PHP LSAPI 7.7 (07-22-2020) Security, Improvement

    • SECURITY Fix a missed buffer boundary check.
    • IMPROVEMENT Include UID information in some log entries.

    PHP LSAPI 7.6 (11-22-2019) New Feature, Update

    • NEW FEATURE Added environment variable 'LSAPI_CLEAN_SHUTDOWN' for clean shutdown control.
    • UPDATE Disabled clean shutdown for PHP versions lower than PHP 7 by default.

    PHP LSAPI 7.5 (07-22-2019) Bugfixes

    • BUGFIX Override ITIMER_PROF to 0.1 seconds to ensure that a clean shutdown won't get stuck in an infinity loop.
    • BUGFIX Completely disabled "error_reporting" before starting a clean shutdown to avoid generating a large amount of error log entries.

    PHP LSAPI 7.4 (06-14-2019) Improvements

    • IMPROVEMENT Gracefully clean up PHP temp files when PHP processes are killed in middle of executing a script.
    • IMPROVEMENT Allow request header sizes up to 64KB.

    PHP LSAPI 7.3 (04-12-2019) New Feature & Improvement

    • NEW FEATURE `litespeed_finish_request()` and alias `fastcgi_finish_request()` to allow PHP to continue running background jobs after finishing the current request.
    • IMPROVEMENT Improved process manager to keep worker processes alive when there is enough free memory.

    PHP LSAPI 7.2 (01-21-2019) Improvements & Bug Fixes

    • IMPROVEMENT Added timestamp when directly logging stderr to file.
    • BUGFIX Fixed LSAPI protocol corruption when PHP scripts fork child process. (reported by CloudLinux)
    • BUGFIX Fixed uninitialized sa_mask during signal handler setup. (reported with patch by CloudLinux)
    • BUGFIX Fixed wrong string length when trimming long log strings containing trailing newlines. (reported with patch by CloudLinux)
    • BUGFIX Fixed max idle timeout time not resetting properly during socket events. (reported with patch by CloudLinux)

    PHP LSAPI 7.1 (4-11-2018) Feature Enhancements & Bug Fixes

    • NEW FEATURE Allow php_admin_value to override configuration set in php.ini, similar to open_basedir.
    • IMPROVEMENT Improved PHP side CRIU support.
    • BUGFIX Fixed a bug in PHP suEXEC daemon mode that was causing permission issues.

    PHP LSAPI 7.0 (2-28-2018) Feature Enhancements

    • NEW FEATURE Added CRIU support.
    • NEW FEATURE Added support for [PATH=] and [HOST=] sections in php.ini.
    • IMPROVEMENT Enhanced process manager.

    PHP LSAPI 6.11 (6-28-2017) Bug Fixes

    • BUGFIX Fixed .user.ini value displaying in phpinfo(), but not actually applying. (Patch provided by CloudLinux)
    • BUGFIX Fixed a bug where 'ini_set' failed to override 'php_value' in .htaccess. (Patch provided by CloudLinux)

    PHP LSAPI 6.10 (9-19-2016) Feature Enhancements

    • NEW FEATURE Added .user.ini support, controlled by the LSPHP_ENABLE_USER_INI environment variable.
    • NEW FEATURE Added new environment variable LSPHPRC to override php.ini.

    PHP LSAPI 6.9 (12-9-2015) Bug Fixes

    • Fixed a bug in suEXEC daemon mode where server secret would not be cleared.
    • Fixed a bug where a malformed LSAPI request could crash the PHP process.
    • Fixed a bug in CLI mode that caused a bad value for the DIR global variable.
    • (PHP 7) Fixed a bug that broke PHP configuration override through Apache config.

    PHP LSAPI 6.8 (6-12-2015) Improved functionality

    • Added PHP 7 support.

    PHP LSAPI 6.7 (9-4-2014) Improved functionality and bug fix

    • Added support for filter_input() function.
    • Fixed bug causing a crash when run in CLI mode.

    PHP LSAPI 6.6 (11-22-2013) Performance improvement

    • Default child process limit for suEXEC Daemon mode increased to avoid stalling the daemon and causing 503 errors.

    PHP LSAPI 6.5 (11-18-2013) Bug fix

    • Fixed bug in LSAPI lib causing problems for executing commands from within PHP scripts. Problem existed since version 6.2.

    PHP LSAPI 6.4 (10-30-2013) Minor bug fixes and feature enhancements

    • Avoid multiple debugging sessions when hanging PHP processes detected.
    • Return 508 error page when CloudLinux LVE resource limit has been reached.
    • Fixed bug in tracking number of child processes.
    • Minor performance tuning for suEXEC daemon mode.

    PHP LSAPI 6.3 (08-06-2013) Minor bug fixes and feature enhancements

    • Added apache_get_modules() function to improve compatibility with mod_php.
    • Fixed a bug showing partial original command line parameters.
    • Changed GDB stack backtrace generation setting to disabled by default. It can be enabled with the the environment variable LSAPI_DUMP_DEBUG_INFO=1.

    PHP LSAPI 6.2 (05-22-2013) Minor feature enhancements

    • Added the ability for the suEXEC daemon to kill runaway child processes.
    • Speeded up recycling of child processes for better memory usage.
    • Changed process naming, allowed for shorter process names.

    PHP LSAPI 6.1 (11-21-2012) Minor bug fixes

    • Remove code related to changing php.ini when suEXEC daemon mode is used, does not work.
    • Added "-n" option for CLI mode, which skips loading php.ini

    PHP LSAPI 6.0 (09-10-2012) Major feature enhancements

    • PHP suEXEC daemon mode has been added to improve performance and memory efficiency.
    • added native CloudLinux LVE/CageFS support.

    PHP LSAPI 5.5 (12-13-2010) Minor bug fix

    • added support for "php_value engine off" feature
    • fixed the validation code for length of custom HTTP header.

    PHP LSAPI 5.4 (7-15-2010) Minor bug fix

    • change configuration option "register_long_arrays" to be turned on by default.
    • fixed installer script for FreeBSD.

    PHP LSAPI 5.3 (2-8-2010) Minor bug fix

    • configuration option "register_long_arrays" that turned off by default can be enabled through php.ini.

    PHP LSAPI 5.1 (1-17-2010) Minor bug fix

    • Improved performance by optimizing PHP interface code.
    • Fixed few compatibility bugs

    PHP LSAPI 5.0 (1-12-2010) Major feature enhancements

    • Improved performance by optimizing PHP interface code.
    • Implemented the feature that show script name in "top" and "ps" output.
    • Added slow request log to identify slow PHP scripts.
    • Show LSAPI code version in PHPINFO page

    PHP LSAPI 4.8 (9-10-2008) Minor feature enhancements

    • Ignore SIGXFSZ signal and disable core dump by default.

    PHP LSAPI 4.7 (4-14-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Switched to non-blocking listener socket to avoid hanging Ruby/Php processes, replaced kill( ppid, 0 ) with getppid() to test the status of the parent process.

    PHP LSAPI 4.6 (2-26-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Improved the internal process manager to avoid killing active children process with SIGTERM.

    PHP LSAPI 4.5 (1-31-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Fixed the code in LSAPI libary that failed to compile under Mac OS X.
    • Added implementation of PHP function getallheaders() and apache_request_headers(), compatibility with PHP code written for mod_php has been improved.

    PHP LSAPI 4.4 (1-3-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Error logging has been improved during application startup time to avoid 503 errors.
    • Source code has been cleaned up.

    PHP LSAPI 4.3 (12-11-2007) Minor feature enhancements

    • Added a command line option to enable PHP source code output.

    PHP LSAPI 4.2 (11-25-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Fixed a bug that causes LSAPI build failure on some Apple Mac OS X environments.

    PHP LSAPI 4.1 (8-21-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Added LSAPI_AVOID_FORK environment variable to minimize dynamic start/stop of children process.
    • Fixed a bug that may cause infinity looping while reading request body under special situation.

    PHP LSAPI 4.0 (5-10-2007) Minor feature enhancement

    • Added support for 'apache_response_headers' function.

    PHP LSAPI 3.1 (4-24-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Improved builtin Process Manager to reliably stop children processes.
    • Added LSAPI_EXTRA_CHILDREN environment variable to give better control of extra children processes can be started while existing children processes are in error state.

    PHP LSAPI 2.4 (01-10-2007) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: A bug may cause LSAPI application to run with 99% CPU.
    • Improved: Ruby LSAPI extension follows specification of ruby's I/O library more closely.

    PHP LSAPI 2.3 (10-09-2006) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: Custom request header values could be truncated.

    PHP LSAPI 2.2 (07-07-2006) Compatibility

    • PHP LSAPI has been upgraded to work with "getenv()" function. For code portability, LiteSpeed recommend PHP coders to defer from using getenv() and use specific $_ENV variable access.

    PHP LSAPI 2.1 (05-16-2006) Bug Fix

    • Fixed a 503 error when PHP_LSAPI_CHILDREN env variable is set. The env variable does not apply to Ruby but the fix affected the base library.
  • Python LSAPI 2.1 (08-31-2022) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address compatibility with python 3.10.

    Python LSAPI 2.0 (12-06-2021) News Feature & Improvement

    • NEW FEATURE Python 3.9 support.
    • Misc Clean up compiler warnings.

    Python LSAPI 1.9 (02-23-2021) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Properly decode UTF-8 encoded characters in request header.

    Python LSAPI 1.8 (02-03-2021) Improvement

    • IMPROVEMENT Avoid being detected as interactive mode, which caused environments set in .env to not be applied for python applications.

    Python LSAPI 1.7 (09-01-2020) Tuning, Bugfix

    • TUNING Update log message with more information when possible: Timestamp, UID, PID, etc.
    • BUGFIX Correct inaccurate children process tracking.

    Python LSAPI 1.6 (05-11-2020) Improvement

    • IMPROVEMENT Added support for python 3.8 in Ubuntu 20.04.

    Python LSAPI 1.5 (08-12-2019) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Improved wsgi-lsapi performance by recycling child worker processes less aggressively.

    Python LSAPI 1.4 (2-27-2018) Improvements

    • IMPROVEMENT Improved stderr logging with timestamp.
    • IMPROVEMENT disabled unnecessary debug logging.

    Python LSAPI 1.3 (1-19-2018) Feature Enhancements & Bug Fixes

    • NEW FEATURE STDERR log output is now redirected to the application log directory for easier troubleshooting.
    • BUGFIX Fixed a compatibility issue with the Django framework.

    Python LSAPI 1.2 (3-10-2017) Improved Compatibility

    • IMPROVEMENT Improved compatibility with Python 3.

    Python LSAPI 1.1 (1-9-2017) Improved Functionality

    • MAJOR IMPROVEMENT Added support for Python 3.x releases.

    Python LSAPI 1.0 (08-06-2013) Initial release

    • Initial release of Python LSAPI.
  • Ruby LSAPI 5.6 (01-23-2024) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address compatibility issue with ruby 3.2+ .

    Ruby LSAPI 5.5 (06-09-2023) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address compatibility issue with ruby 3.0+.

    Ruby LSAPI 5.4 (01-18-2023) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address compatibility issue with ruby 3.0+.

    Ruby LSAPI 5.2 (02-02-2021) Bugfix

    • BUGFIX Address stability issues with ruby 2.0+ caused by a regression in v5.1.

    Ruby LSAPI 5.1 (09-01-2020) Tuning, Bugfixes

    • TUNING Update log message with more information when possible: Timestamp, UID, PID, etc.
    • BUGFIX Make single worker non-prefork mode work properly.
    • BUGFIX Correct inaccurate children process tracking.

    Ruby LSAPI 5.0 (05-15-2020) Tuning

    • TUNINGImproved stability with Ruby 2.0+.

    Ruby LSAPI 4.4 (01-19-2018) Feature Enhancements

    • NEW FEATURE STDERR log output is now redirected to the application log directory for easier troubleshooting.
    • IMPROVEMENT Improved compatibility with different versions of the RubyOnRails framework.

    Ruby LSAPI 4.1 (01-30-2013) Major feature enhancements

    • Added native RewindableInput implementation to boost RACK performance.
    • Added support for Rack Sendfile middleware to utilize web server's file delivery code.
    • Along with LSWS 4.2.2 release, provide better support for Rack/Rails 3.0+ applications.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.5 (05-14-2009) Minor bug fix

    • Reinitialize random number generator when a new child process was forked.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.4 (10-27-2008) Minor bug fix

    • Fixed a bug in calling STDERR.reopen() function.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.3 (9-10-2008) Minor feature enhancements

    • Ignore SIGXFSZ signal and disable core dump by default.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.2 (4-14-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Switched to non-blocking listener socket to avoid hanging Ruby/Php processes, replaced kill( ppid, 0 ) with getppid() to test the status of the parent process.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.1 (2-26-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Improved the internal process manager to avoid killing active children process with SIGTERM.

    Ruby LSAPI 3.0 (1-31-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Fixed the code in LSAPI libary that failed to compile under Mac OS X.
    • Added implementation of PHP function getallheaders() and apache_request_headers(), compatibility with PHP code written for mod_php has been improved.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.9 (1-3-2008) Minor bug fixes

    • Error logging has been improved during application startup time to avoid 503 errors.
    • Source code has been cleaned up.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.8 (11-25-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Fixed a bug that causes LSAPI build failure on some Apple Mac OS X environments.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.7 (8-21-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Added LSAPI_AVOID_FORK environment variable to minimize dynamic start/stop of children process.
    • Fixed a bug that may cause infinity looping while reading request body under special situation.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.5 (05-18-2007) Feature enhancement/Bug fix

    • Fixed request_uri incompatibility issue by including query string part.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.4 (4-24-2007) Minor bug fixes

    • Improved builtin Process Manager to reliably stop children processes.
    • Added LSAPI_EXTRA_CHILDREN environment variable to give better control of extra children processes can be started while existing children processes are in error state.

    Ruby LSAPI 2.3 (03-15-2007) Feature enhancement/Bug fix

    • LSAPI integration code has been rewritten with better process control and better STDERR logging.
    • Following environment variables has been added: LSAI_MAX_IDLE_CHILDREN, LSAPI_MAX_PROCESS_TIME, please refer to README file for more detail.
    • STDERR stream is logged into web server log file instead of stderr.log.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.13 (01-16-2007) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: A bug may cause Ruby LSAPI application to run with 99% CPU.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.12 (01-10-2007) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: A bug may cause LSAPI application to run with 99% CPU.
    • Improved: Ruby LSAPI extension follows specification of ruby's I/O library more closely.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.11 (10-09-2006) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: Custom request header values could be truncated.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.10 (09-29-2006) Bug Fix

    • Fixed: Registered "env_copy" as a ruby global variable to prevent it from being garbage collected resulting in possible 503 error.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.9 (09-25-2006) Feature enhancement/Bug fix

    • Fixed: Build problem for Solaris 8.
    • Compatibility: Request parameters have been updated to match that of WEBrick.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.8 (09-18-2006) Feature enhancement/Bug fix

    • New: Added environment variable "LSAPI_PGRP_MAX_IDLE" to tell idle process group to terminate. This environment variable will be set by LSWS 2.2.2 automatically based on "Max idle time".

    Ruby LSAPI 1.7 (09-11-2006) Bug fix

    • Updated: Change default of LSAPI_MAX_REQS to 1,000,000 from 1,000.
    • Fixed: Missing environment variables set in Rails configuration.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.6 (08-22-2006) Bug fix

    • Fixed: work around Ruby's internal signal handler to ensure unresponsive Ruby processes terminate.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.5 (08-16-2006) Bug fix

    • Fixed: v1.4 bug where small POST operation can fail.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.4 (08-04-2006) Feature enhancement/Bug fix

    • Fixed: a worker process does not remain persistent if a request has been canceled.
    • New: Maximum number of worker processes has been limited to twice the configured value to prevent DoS type attacks.
    • New Env Variable: LSAPI_MAX_REQS=n, where n is the maximum number of requests that a child process can serve.Default value is 1000. Once the value is reached, the child process will exit automatically. This will help in case of any memory leaks in Rails.
    • New Env Variable: LSAPI_MAX_IDLE=n, where n is the maximum idle time in seconds that a child process will be waiting for a new request. Once limit is reached, the child process will quit. Default value is 60. When n <= 0, the child process will wait indefinitely. This option helps getting rid of idle children processes.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.3 (06-29-2006) Bug Fix

    • A SIGCHLD signal handler has been added to the Ruby LSAPI module to resolve a problem which can lead to zombie processes.

    Ruby LSAPI 1.2 (05-16-2006) Bug Fix

    • Fixed a 503 error when PHP_LSAPI_CHILDREN env variable is set. The env variable does not apply to Ruby but the fix affected the base library.

Privacy Policy

Privacy Policy

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For European Union (EU) customers, please be reminded that the EU has not found the United States and some other countries to have an adequate level of protection of Personal Information under Article 45 of the GDPR.

The sections here below cover certain situations that you, as data subject, and we as a data controller, are most likely to encounter; but you should also carefully review the full list of data subject rights here: https://www.gdpr-info.eu/chapter-3/.

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Privacy Requests

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Notice to California Residents

Pursuant to the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), LiteSpeed Technologies and/or its affiliates, clients, sub-processors and/or authorized third parties hereto provide the following Privacy Policy notice regarding the categories of Personal Information that we may collect and/or disclose within the preceding twelve (12) months regarding California residents who are not employees, independent contractors, owners, directors, officers, or job applicants of LiteSpeed Technologies, or emergency contacts or benefits beneficiaries of the foregoing.

Thenceforth, the CCPA provides Californians with the following rights:

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  • Your Right to Notification: under the CCPA, we cannot collect new categories of Personal Information or use them for materially different purposes without first notifying you.
  • Nondiscrimination for exercising your CCPA Rights: the CCPA prohibits us from discriminating against you for exercising your rights under the law. Such discrimination may include denying services, charging different prices or rates for services, providing a different level or quality of services, or suggesting that you will receive a different level or quality of goods or services as a result of exercising your rights.
  • Your Right to Delete Personal Information: you can request that we delete your Personal Information by contacting us. You also can request that we delete specific information, and we will honor such requests, unless a due exception applies, such as when the information is necessary to complete a transaction, verify a fraud, review a chargeback or contract for which it was collected or when it is being used to detect, prevent, or investigate security incidents, comply with laws, identify and repair bugs or ensure another consumer’s ability to exercise their free speech rights or other rights provided by law.
    • Please take into consideration that we may deny your deletion request if retaining the Personal Information is necessary for us, our affiliates or our service providers in order to:

      • Complete the transaction for which we collected the Personal Information, provide a good or service that you requested, take actions reasonably anticipated within the context of our ongoing business relationship with you, or otherwise perform our contract with you;
      • Detect security incidents, protect against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent, or illegal activity, or prosecute those responsible for such activities;
      • Debug our products to identify and repair errors that impair existing intended functionality;
      • Exercise free speech, ensure the right of another consumer to exercise their free speech rights, or exercise another right provided for by law;
      • Comply with the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act (Cal. Penal Code § 1546 seq.);
      • Enable solely internal uses that are reasonably aligned with consumer expectations based on your relationship with us;
      • Comply with a legal obligation that has substantive grounds;
      • Make other internal and lawful uses of that information that are compatible with the context in which you provided it.

Overall, we have, may or will collect the following categories of Personal Information from our users, customers and individuals, as necessary to fulfill our legal obligations and operational business purposes:

  • Personal information (as defined in the California Customer Records Law), such as contact information;
  • Identifiers, such as online identifier, IP address and name;
  • Internet or network activity information, such as browsing history and interactions with our and other websites and systems;
  • Geo-localization data, such as device location and IP location;
  • Audio, electronic, visual and similar information, such as video recordings and multimedia content created in connection with our business activities; and
  • Inferences drawn from any of the Personal Information listed above to create a profile or summary about, for example, an individual’s preferences and characteristics.

International Data Transfer Notice

LiteSpeed Technologies values your users’ privacy. Although our software does not directly collect any personally identifiable information from visitors to your site, LiteSpeed may still be considered a data processor in certain jurisdictions, as user information may be temporarily cached and/or logged, as outlined in this document.

We have our headquarters in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America (USA). Henceforth, your Personal Information may be accessed by us or our affiliates, agents, partners and third-party service providers in the USA and our locations which may or may not be located in your country of residence, and you hereby consent to such access and transfer by simple disclosure.

Servers

LiteSpeed Web Server, OpenLiteSpeed, LiteSpeed Web ADC, and related software may record IP addresses as a part of normal logging. An access log and an error log may record visitor IP addresses and URL visited. The logs are stored locally on the system where LiteSpeed server software is installed and are not transferred to or accessed by LiteSpeed employees in any way, except as necessary in providing routine technical support if you request it. This logging may be turned off through configuration. It is up to individual server administrators to come up with their own schedule for removing such logs from the file system.

Cache Solutions

Our cache plugins potentially store a duplicate copy of every web page on display on your site. The pages are stored locally on the system where LiteSpeed server software is installed and are not transferred to or accessed by LiteSpeed employees in any way, except as necessary in providing routine technical support if you request it. All cache files are temporary, and may easily be purged before their natural expiration, if necessary, via a Purge All command. It is up to individual site administrators to come up with their own cache expiration rules.

LSCache for WordPress

In addition to caching, our WordPress plugin has an Image Optimization feature. When optimization is requested, images are transmitted to a remote LiteSpeed server, processed, and then transmitted back for use on your site. LiteSpeed keeps copies of optimized images for 7 days (in case of network stability issues) and then permanently deletes them.

Similarly, the WordPress plugin has a Reporting feature whereby a site owner can transmit an environment report to our server so that we may better provide technical support.

Neither of these features collects any visitor data. Only server and site data is involved.

Support Services

Sometimes, when you request technical support, LiteSpeed may ask for login credentials to various areas of your site. You may refuse to share such credentials, however refusal may impact LiteSpeed’s ability to provide the requested support services.

Upon completion of a support ticket, LiteSpeed immediately deletes all login credentials you may have shared.

Any user data encountered by LiteSpeed is kept strictly confidential. We never provide your support ticket information to any third party without your explicit consent.

Contact Us

If you would like to update information that you have voluntarily provided to us, stop receiving information from us, or exercise any of the rights granted to you under Privacy Laws, including the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, please e-mail info@litespeedtech.com.